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珍稀中的珍稀 The Rarest of the Rare
Last week the Wildlife Conservation Society released a report called The Rarest of the Rare, which detailed 12 animals that are “critically endangered” (i.e. “at an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild”). See what made the list of critically endangered animals, some of which have seen their populations decline by approximately 80 percent in the last 10 years.
Cuban Crocodile: Say Goodbye to My Hardly Little Friend?古巴鳄鱼
(Images via: NGS, Flickr, Independent)Reaching lengths of up to 11 feet, the Cuban crocodile has dwindled to an estimated population of 4,000, with some of these crocodiles likely hybrids of Cuban and American crocodiles. Illegal hunting that targets Cuban crocodile meat has been a large culprit in the decline of this species.
古巴鳄鱼：是不是要到和这种鳄鱼永远说再见的时候了？成年古巴鳄鱼身长大约为11英尺左右。目前野生状态下生存的古巴鳄鱼数量仅剩4000余只，而且其中还有些古巴鳄鱼属于古巴鳄鱼和美洲鳄鱼杂交品种，纯种的古巴鳄鱼数量更少。当地居民对古巴鳄鱼进行非法狩猎以获得古巴鳄鱼肉，是造成古巴鳄鱼数量锐减的主要原因所在。
Florida Bonneted Bat: Not Extinct, But Close佛罗里达蓬毛蝠
(Images via: Tree Hugger, Bat Con, Animal Diversity, Bat Conservation)The largest bat in the Sunshine State, the Florida bonneted bat was thought to be extinct until 2002, when a small colony was discovered in a suburb. Only 100 Florida bonneted bats are thought to exist today, with pesticide spraying and deforestation that has destroyed roosting sites believed to have clipped these bats known for their 21-inch wingspans.
佛罗里达蓬毛蝠：尚未灭绝，但已经濒临灭绝。做为佛罗里达州最大的蝙蝠物种蓬毛蝠翼展约为21英寸，早在2002年科学家认定佛罗里达蓬毛蝠已经灭绝，但后来科学家又在佛罗里达州郊区发现一小块佛罗里达蓬毛蝠栖息地。科学家预计，目前仅有大约100余只野生佛罗里达蓬毛蝠。随着佛罗里达当地民众对森林的大肆砍伐及在农业中大面积喷洒农药，佛罗里达蓬毛蝠的栖息地被肆意破坏，是造成佛罗里达蓬毛蝠面临灭绝的主要原因。
Fungus Makes Green-Eyed Frogs Feel Green绿眼蛙
(Image via: Davo Trip)Once common in Costa Rica and Panama, the diminutive green-eyed frog is not only small in size (roughly 2.5 inches long) but population, with only a few hundred of these frogs still living today. Chytrid fungus and exposure to agricultural chemicals have killed and deformed these frogs.
绿眼蛙：深受菌类植物泛滥影响的蛙类物种。绿眼蛙主要生活在巴拿马和哥斯达黎加国内。尽管绿眼蛙曾经是这两个国家内极其普通的蛙类物种，但目前在野生状态下生存的绿眼蛙数量仅为数百只。绿眼蛙体型很小，成年绿眼蛙的体长仅为2.5英尺左右。壶菌的泛滥及农业化学品的污染是造成绿眼蛙数量锐减的主要原因。
Grenada Dove: A National Bird for How Long?格林达纳鸽
(Images via: OAS, Wildlife Extra, Life Afloat, Flickr)Featured on postage stamps in this Caribbean island, the Grenada dove has been reduced to an estimated population of 150, with this pink-breasted, national bird severely impacted by habitat loss and the predatory introduction of mongooses, cats and rats. A 10-year recovery plan has been implemented to boost populations of the Grenada dove, which hopefully won’t become a thing of the past.
格林达纳鸽：格林达纳的国家象征。格林达纳鸽曾作为国家象征被印在这个加勒比岛国的国家邮票上。但目前野生状态下生存的格林达纳鸽仅有150余只。格林达纳鸽最明显的体态特征为拥有粉红色的胸膛。造成格林达纳鸽数量急剧减少的原因在于，其生存栖息地的锐减，猫鼬、野猫、老鼠等天敌物种数量的增加。格林达纳目前已经实施一项为期10年的格林达纳鸽复苏计划，希望提升野生格林达纳鸽数量，以期延缓格林达纳鸽灭绝的进程。
Hirola: Concern for the Spectacled Antelope亨氏羚羊
(Images via: Rufford Small Grants, Discovery, Wangui)With white markings around the head, the African antelope known as the hirola or Hunter’s hartebeest looks like it is wearing glasses. Forgive the hirola if it appears more than a little concerned: only an estimated 600 of these antelopes exist today as a result of disease, predators, habitat loss, severe droughts and poaching. Sadly, the hirola has been legally protected in places like Kenya and Somalia since the 1970s; however, enforcement has been more than ineffective during this time period.
亨氏羚羊：带着“白色眼镜”的羚羊物种。亨氏羚羊外貌特征中最大的特点是前额有道白纹，绕双眼一圈，看起来仿佛戴了白色眼镜。疾病、捕食、栖息地的减少、非法偷猎、生活区域的过度干旱使得目前野生状态下生存的亨氏羚羊数目仅有600余只。尽管肯尼亚当地政府早在上世纪七十年代就将亨氏羚羊列为保护动物，但一直以来偷猎者都未停止对该物种的猎杀行为。
Ploughshare Tortoise: Carrying a Large Burden犁头龟
(Images via: Lists O Plenty, The Conservation Report, Wildlife Extra)With only 200 mature and 400 individual members remaining in northwestern Madagascar, the ploughshare tortoise is expected to go extinct within the next 30 years if current threats such as hunting, poaching and smuggling for the international pet trade continue to go undeterred.
犁头龟：马达加斯加国内的本地特有物种。犁头龟又称安哥洛卡陆龟，只生活在马达加斯加西北部的安哥洛卡内。目前在野生状态下生存的成年犁头龟仅有200余只，另外还有400余只幼小个体。动物学家预计如果不对该物种施以保护，在未来三十年内，犁头龟将彻底灭绝。与其他稀有动物种类一样，栖息地的减少是造成犁头龟数量锐减的主要原因。另外人类的偷猎、南非野猪对幼龟和龟卵的猎食、及非法动物贸易加速了犁头龟的灭绝进程。
Island Gray Fox: Small in Size and Population岛屿灰狐
(Images via: Wildlife North America, Britannica, Wildlife Mysteries)Weighing 3 to 4 pounds, the island gray fox is not only the smallest fox in the United States but a rapidly declining species. Less than 1,000 island gray foxes are left today on 6 of the California Channel Islands as a result of canine diseases, golden eagle threats, and previous programs that killed these foxes to protect another endangered species, the endemic loggerhead shrikes. Thankfully, these killing efforts were stopped in 2003.
岛屿灰狐：体型小、数量少的狐狸物种。成年岛屿灰狐的体重仅有3到4磅，主要生活在加利福尼亚州海峡群岛的六个岛屿上。因为岛屿灰狐生活在岛上，它们对大陆的寄生虫没有抵抗力，尤其是狗身上的病菌。此外金雕的捕食和人类的活动使得岛屿灰狐的数量急剧减少。目前野生状态下生存的岛屿灰狐的数量不足1000只。
Sumatran Orangutans: Hardly Worth Laughing About苏门答腊猩猩
(Images via: Bio Web, Orangutan Foundation, Durrell)Mostly living in Indonesia, the Sumatran orangutan population is down to roughly 6,600 individuals, according to a 2008 survey. Logging and deforestation have had adverse effects on these orangutans, which have been orphaned, captured for trade or killed for various reasons.
苏门答腊猩猩：和人类最为接近的猩猩种类。绝大多数苏门答腊猩猩生活在印度尼西亚国内。苏门答腊猩猩知道如何使用工具来获取食物，它们的行为似乎更接近人类。苏门答腊猩猩面颊宽大，身材魁梧，雄性可重达一百公斤。这使它们不能轻易在树间摇荡，只能下地行走。根据2008年的一份调查揭示，目前野生状态下生存的苏门答腊猩猩仅有6600余只。当地居民对森林的过分砍伐，造成苏门答腊猩猩栖息地被严重破坏。另外，当地居民还对苏门答腊猩猩进行捕捉和猎杀，也是造成该物种数量急速减少的原因所在。
Vaquita: A Porpoise That Needs A Purpose小头鼠海豚
(Images via: CSI Whales Alive, Save the Vaquita, Save Bio Gems, INE)A porpoise that looks a bit like a plump dolphin, the vaquita is respectively recognized by dark rings around its eyes and patches on its beak. Nowadays the vaquita is hardly recognized due to its small numbers: only 150 individuals are left as the result of fishing gillnets, reduced water flows and water pollution.
小头鼠海豚：需要仔细辨认才能区分的海豚稀有物种。小头鼠海豚和普通海豚的体貌特征区别并不太大。和普通海豚相比，小头鼠海豚除了略显肥胖以外，最明显的特征是眼睛周围有黑色圆圈、喙部也呈黑色。受过度捕捞、栖息地锐减、及水质被污染的影响，现在野生状态下生存的小头鼠海豚不足150只。
加湾鼠海豚，俗称小头鼠海豚（Phocoena sinus），又名港口豚、太平洋鼠海豚、加湾鼠豚或海湾鼠海豚，是一种稀有的鼠海豚属。
White-Headed Langur: Finding It Hard to Reproduce白头叶猴
(Images via: New York Times, Flickr, New York Times)As few as 59 white-headed langurs are left on the once isolated but more recently populated Cat Ba Island near Vietnam, with many of these species split into all female groups. In addition to deforestation, a major threat to these langurs has been hunting, specifically for a traditional Chinese medicine preparation called monkey balm.
白头叶猴：难以自身繁殖延续的物种。科学家在曾与世隔绝的越南边境吉婆岛内至少发现59只白头叶猴。但这些生存的野生白头叶猴已经逐渐演化为纯雌性群体。这使得白头叶猴很难自身繁殖延续。另外，当地居民对森林的滥伐，及偷猎也威胁到白头叶猴的生存。偷猎者猎杀白头叶猴的主要目的为制造中草药猴唇膏。
白头叶猴又叫花叶猴，属于中国国家一级保护动物，头是白的，肩也是白的，所以叫做白头叶猴，白头叶猴至今已有300多万年的生存历史。有资料说是中国特产，但科学家在越南边境发现59只白头叶猴。
Romer’s Tree Frog: Easy to Get Lost卢文氏树蛙
(Images via: Yearbook, Compunicate, Yearbook, Electronic Gallery of HKU)Less than 0.8 inches long, the Romer’s tree frog of Hong Kong was once thought to be extinct following airport construction that wiped out its habitat. In good news, this tree frog is still alive, with active breeding programs contributing to a couple thousand Romer’s being released in the wild in the 1990s.
卢文氏树蛙：极易灭绝的香港本土物种。成年卢文氏树蛙体型仅有0.8英尺长，为香港的特有物种。受香港机场建设破坏其栖息地的影响，科学家一度认为卢文氏树蛙已经灭绝。好消息是，在野生动物学家的保护下，上世纪九十年代，野生动物学家向大自然放归2000余只卢文氏树蛙，此后卢文氏树蛙又再在香港的野外繁殖起来。但卢文氏树蛙野外生存环境条件极其恶劣，在栖息地被人为的进一步蚕食的同时，一些外来品种的淡水鱼，如食蚊鱼，会吃掉卢文氏树蛙的蝌蚪。
Przewalski’s Horse: Back Kicking in the Wild普氏野马
(Images via: ZSL, Shoarns, National Zoo)Did you know that the Przewalski’s horse, with its stocky body and short neck, is the only true living species of wild horse? Or that this horse once became extinct in the wild and could only be found in zoos? In recent years the Przewalski’s horse has been reintroduced into native habitats in Mongolia following dedicated conservation efforts. Today there are more than 300 Przewalski’s horses in the wild, not only serving as an important reminder to protect endangered animals but offering proof that there is hope for other threatened species if saved in time.
普氏野马：奋蹄扬驰于荒野。做为目前地球上唯一一种野生马种，普氏野马拥有矮壮的身躯和短小的脖颈，普氏野马曾一度灭绝，后来在科学家努力下，逐渐将动物园豢养状态下的普氏野马放归大自然。在科学家的努力下，目前在野生状态下有300余匹普氏野马生存。对于普氏野马放归大自然的过程不但切实保护了野生状态下的普氏野马，而且证明如果人类及时的对野生动物施以保护完全有能力可以保护频临灭绝的野生动物物种。
普氏野马原产于蒙古国西部科布多盆地和中国新疆准噶尔盆地东部一带（因此也被称作蒙古野马或准噶尔野马），普氏野马的拯救工作在蒙古国境内完成。
For more information on these critically endangered animals, check out the WCS report: The Rarest of the Rare.
更多严重受胁动物信息，请参考野生动物保护组织（WCS）报告（PDF文件）：珍稀中的珍稀 The Rarest of the Rare
【英文来源】webecoist.com/2010/04/11/critical-condition-12-very-rare-and-endangered-animals/
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